The role Julius Caesar played as a leader of Rome that caused his Essay

The role Julius Caesar played as a leader of Rome that caused his assassination - Essay Example Egypt and Palestine were under the control of Rome. The Caesar era made history, because it had created an empire by destroying the republic (Rome 1. In The Columbia Encyclopedia). In 55 BC, Caesar entered Britain as a warning to the British Celts who were assisting their rebellious cousins in Gaul. He landed and made camp in Kent, however, after a few weeks had passed by, heavy storms occurred and in order to safeguard his fleet he was forced to retreat. He once again raided Britain in the year 54 BC and defeated the Britons, who were led by Cassivelaunus. The Britons paid tribute to Caesar and promised him that they would neither support rebellions nor interfere in Gaul, subsequently; Caesar conducted a war against Gaul. However, the purpose of these expeditions were not to invade Britain but only to demonstrate Caesar’s prowess in battle and to stress his commitment to exterminating rebellions against his empire (Caesar, Gaius Julius (100 - 44 BC). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, Pompey emerged as his rival. He supported the rebellious members of the Senate who dissented with Caesar and planned to prosecute him in the Court. In response to this conspiracy, Caesar with his army crossed the Rubicon River and fought with Pompey’s army. This resulted in a civil war, which lasted up to 45 BC (Caesar, Gaius Julius (100 - 44 BC). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Caesar emerged victorious in the battles at Pharsalus in the year 48 BC; Thapsus in the year 46 BC; and against King Pharnaces II in the year 47 BC in Asia Minor. Caesar’s victories could be attributed to his brilliant war plans. He coined the famous slogan Veni Vidi Vici which means I came I saw I conquered. He spent some time in Egypt until Cleopatra gave birth to Caesarion. His last victory on the battlefield was in 45 BC, when he fought at Munda, in

Of Mice and Men and Oliver Twist Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men and Oliver Twist Essay Of mice and men written by John Steinbeck is set in 1930 during the economic depression caused by the stock market crash of 1929. Unlike Oliver Twist, Of mice and men is set in USA, near the Salinas River, in the hot and beautiful state of California. On the other hand, Charles Dickens Oliver Twist is set in the powerful and the majestic city of London, over-ruled with darkness and murky pollution brought about by what was the industrial revolution in 1870, when the novel was set. The Industrial revolution really puts the whole evil and darkness of London into a shadow which adds to the sinister acts that unveil themselves as the novel progresses. The two main characters of of mice and men are two migrant agricultural labourers, George Milton and Lennie Smalls. George, Small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp strong features. Every part of him defined : small, strong hands, slender arms and a thin bony face. The second part of an unlikely relationship between these two friends is Lennie, who is a large man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders. George is Lennies guardian, because of his mental immaturity he is totally reliant on Georges leadership and commanding power, over of which he follows. In my opinion, without George, Lennie would either be dead or locked up in jail, as a result of him doing stupid acts. It is ironic that Lennies surname is Small, because of his huge size, Bear like as the author describes. In the time of which of mice and men is set, there is lots of tension. Social classes, women, people who suffer from racism all suffer at the same expense during this period. Crooks is the only black man In this novel, and it is through him that we can see the position of blacks in America. Crooks, is crippled because he got kicked by a horse, he has his own little room, away from the rest of the hands. The other hands openly refer to Crooks as Nigger, this example directly amplifies the life and times of the Black Americans at this time. Women are also represented through Curleys wife. Curleys wife is one quarter of an unhappy marriage. The other three quarters of the marriage is Curley, the bosses sun, who has full power of his wife and tells her what to do constantly. Steinbeck deliberately doesnt give Curleys wife a name, this representing the insignificance and illustrates ownership over women at this time. Curleys Wife doesnt really love Curley, and didnt really marry him because of love. She married him to prove a point to her mother, who destroyed the relationship she did have with the one she did love. She admitted, that marrying him was a Way Out. Curleys wife is an ambitious, flirtatious, good looking, young women, who the ranch hands try to ignore and avoid. She is trapped in loneliness, in Curleys wrath, she is where she isnt loved, and her only alternative is to make the most out of what she has got. Aint I got a right to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am, anyways? Youre a nice guy. I dont know why I cant talk to you I aint doin no harm to you. Previous to the murder, in the barn. There, in my opinion, is a hierarchy at the ranch, and at the bottom lies Curleys wife and Crooks, two characters treated insignificantly and are discriminated due to their social classes, a women and a black. In California, the setting for this novel, the atmosphere and the surroundings is very harsh and tough for the workers. The attitude and behaviour of the workers in the novel reflect this well. For the workers, there was no cash benefit for the workers, so If they lose their job then they have to do without and mainly starve. The law, I learned is enforced well, but strangely enough, without any force as we never see any police during the novel. California is described extremely well, it is very interestingly described too, this appeals to the reader and gives the novel a very bright and happy start. The first few pages focus on the setting and commentate on all the happenings that go on, this builds a sense of reality. Steinbeck was born and raised in California, near Salinas, so he had an advantage when attempting to describe it as he can relate to it very well. Oliver Twist is almost exactly the opposite in comparison. It is a very dark novel. London at this time set the scene for the monstrosities that happened and the events that took place. You could almost guess what was to expect when reading the first few pages of Oliver Twist, but to do the same with Of mice and men would be completely different. Of Mice and Men starts on a high, very bright and colourful, but it changes contrasts and horrible happenings crowd the last few chapters of the novel. The two main characters in Oliver Twist are Oliver and Fagin. Oliver is a young orphan, brought into the then cruel world by an unknown mother. Fagin, is an Un-human man, whose features are aged and ugly. He is a ring leader of a gang of thieves that rob the city of London of valuable possessions, such as money, watches and gold. The Artful Dodger is Fagins keen apprentice, willing to learn, who knows all the tricks of the trade, a master of theft and scams. Bill Sikes, Fagins second man, is a ruthless cut throat man, whose large size and aggressive attributes add to the murder later on in the novel. The two murderers, Lennie and Sikes have many similarities. Firstly Sikes and Lennie are two large and intimidating men, whos leader is considerably smaller than them. Secondly, they both receive orders and are followers to their two leaders. Although Sikes doesnt receive commands off Fagin to an extent where he cannot survive without him, like Lennie, one part of the story he does. This is the main event that leads up to the murder of Nancy. In the early hours of the morning, when all the human and civilised world is asleep, London is awake. Fagin is awake in his chair. Waiting. Sikes enters with the loot that he has stolen from peoples houses. Fagin starts to talk about Nancy, Sikes girlfriend. He goes on and explains that Nancy could be a leak and could tell on them to the police. Fagin, knowing that Sikes has the mordacity and the capability of murder, begins to perform reverse psychology. He knows that if he pulls the right strings that Sikes could do anything for him. Sikes quite easily falls into Fagins mastermind trap, as if he had been brainwashed or hypnotised, he is now going to commit Fagins murder for him. Sikes goes to where Nancy is sleeping and severely shouts and screams at her. This traumatises her, to the extent where she doesnt know what is going on. This makes Nancy vulnerable, and this is where Sikes commits his brutal and sick attack on her. We can tell, just by reading these several lines of the story, the evil and cunningness of Sikes. He continuously beats Nancy to death with a wooden stick. Leaning up top the murder of Curleys wife, which was by far not as hellacious and as horrific as this, Lennie was minding his own business and was in the barn, calmly stroking one of Slims pups. Not knowing his own strength Lennie accidentally killed the pup. Lennie began to become sad and at the same time, angry. He repeatedly thought about George not letting him tend the rabbits, at the home of which the whole is dream is based around. An hell say : Now just for that you aint gunna tend no rabbits. Lennie put the pup in the straw, and began to talk to himself, moaning the death of the pup. Curleys wife enters and begins to flirt with Lennie, who confesses to her liking for stroking nice things. She invites him to stroke her long soft hair, but as the stroking becomes harder, she panics; the harder he strokes the more she panics and then Lennie accidentally breaks her neck. He half-buries the body in the hay and runs off to the brush. As you can tell, both the two murders are of a totally different nature. In of mice and men, the murder was unexpected, and didnt really fit into the surrounding story, On the other hand, In Oliver Twist, a murder was almost inevitable. Sikes was a premeditated murder, as he had thought it out and planned the whereabouts etc. Lennies was out of the blue, an accident neither him or anyone else could of prevented. The setting of the two murders, also are totally different. The murder of Curleys wife was in the barn, in the sunny and hot state of California. The murder of Nancy was in the grimy claustrophobic city of London. The descriptions in the stories of the murders, are again totally opposite. In Oliver Twist, Dickens almost runs a post-mortem on the body, and describes Sikes moves in detail after the murderer. In of mice and men, however, Steinbeck runs a bleak vague synopsis on the happenings.

Scarlet Letter Symbols :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbols to add meaning to his novel, The Scarlet Letter. This novel was written in 1850 by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This novel is classified as a romance due to the events that happen through out the book. The book takes place in 1640's Boston. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbols to give the book strength and power over the reader. Two symbols that Hawthorne uses are the rosebush, and Pearl. These two symbols help in the revelation of the story, from beginning to end. Hester is kept in the prison due to her sin of adultery that she has committed. As she walks herself from the prison doors to the scaffold, the readers become acquainted with the rose-bush . This rose bush is said to be kept alive with history. Hawthorne says how he plucks one of the rose-bush flowers and presents it to the reader. "It may serve, let us hope, to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close tale of human frailty and sorrow." (p. 46) When Hawthorne shows the reader the rose bloom, he point out that beauty comes with a price, but also it is next to the prison door. The rose-bush symbolizes the pain and joy that come through Hester's sin. One of the most painful yet most important thing to Hester is Pearl. Pearl is also a very important symbol though the story. She is Hester's pride and joy that leads her through the day., but also her full time reminder of the sin she has committed. "Therefore it is good for this poor, sinful woman that she hath an infant immortality, a being capable of eternal joy or sorrow, confided to her care,-to at ever moment, of her fall,-but yet to teach her, as it were by the Creator's sacred pledge, that if she bring the child to heaven, that child will also bring the parent thither!"(p.105) Here Mr. Dimmesdale explains how Pearl, is the eternal joy and sorrow of Hester's life. Also how Pearl can save her mothers soul, if Hester can save Pearl's first. Hawthorne says at the end of the story that Pearl grew up and took her mother's sin into consideration in her life, and grew up to have a happy family.

Intention to create legal relation Essay

Just because there is an agreement between people, it does not signify that a contract exists. The creation of legal relations is a doctrine of the English contract law that is defined as an intention is to enter a legally binding agreement or contract. An agreement, which is defined as the meeting of minds with the acceptance and understanding of mutual legal rights and duties as to particular actions or accountability, is legally enforceable only if the contracting parties may be deemed by the court to have intended it. The intention to create legal relations is a vital principle of Contract Law. As A.W.B Simpson stated, this doctrine might date back to the landmark decision of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company in 1893, but however, it wasn’t in a firm position until 1919, after the case of Balfour v Balfour. Whether or not the parties intended to be legally bound to the contract is the doctrine’s main concern. Acknowledgement of the presence of domestic and social agreements to which parties do not mean to be legally bound has culminated in an assumption that, proportionately, no contract is recognized. Commercial transactions, however, are treated with a presumption that legal relations were intended. It is stated that in terms of general rules of family or domestic relations, there is no assumption to be bound legally. However, there are exceptions in which the presumption is rebuttable. For instance, Balfour v Balfour [1919] shows that the intention to create legal intentions is crucial for family and domestic relations. Both parties must intend that an agreement be legally binding in order to be an enforceable contract. Matters involving the daily life of husband and wife are not subject to contractual interpretation, even when consideration exists. Spouses habitually intend that the conditions of their agreements can be different as situations develop. The court held that it was assumed that an agreement was made by the parties as husband and wife and did not intend that it could be sued upon. The court held that as a matter of public policy, it could not resolve disagreements between spouses. There is a strong presumption in commercial agreements that the parties intend to be bound, and, unless there is very contrary evidence, the presumption will not be rebutted. In the case of Esso  Petroleum Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners, Lord Simon of Glaisdale stated that the whole agreement took place in a setting of business relations, and that general unacceptance to allow a commercial promoter to claim what he has done is a mere puff, not intended to create legal relations. The convention of such events is generally to promote the body offering the prize. As a result, there is a presumed intention to create legal relationships which is then binding on the parties and can be relied on by members of the public who enter the competition The intention to create legal relations is essential in creating a valid contract as it ensures both parties are willing to be bound by the terms of their agreement. When two parties are determined to enter a contract, their mentality will discern the subject matter of the contracts. This happens because of the ‘intention’ that the two parties have to be permitted to agree. If there is no agreement by both the parties, it may cause the contract to be an invalid agreement. The contract would not be enforceable, legal and binding if intention to create legal relations is non-existent. If there is no intention to create a legal relation, the contract can be presumed as not legal. Because of that, the contract could possibly be unenforceable as there is no intention to create legal relations at the beginning which makes the contracting parties to be legally binding. Another reason to why creating legal relations is important is so that the parties are able to sue each other when a dispute arises. With no intention to create legal relations, it may cause the contracting parties to not be legally binding and these circumstances may cause the contract enforceable. When the contract is enforceable, the contracting parties are unable to take charges against each other and this will spoil their business crisis; and this will cause the contracting parties difficulty to enquire their justice. Without the intention to create legal relations, the contract â€Å"formed† may become just a mere promise. Promise is defined as a declaration, verbal or written, made by one person to another for a good or valuable consideration  in the nature of a covenant by which the promisor binds himself to do some act, and gives to the promisee a legal right to demand and enforce a fulfilment. Promises arise when there is no intention to create legal relations.

Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody Decisions Essay

Deciding over children custody has always been a divisive, if not an emotionally laden issue. In most cases however, it is not surprising to see that most court decisions tend to award custody disputes in favor of mothers. At first glance, it may seem that court judges see mothers as naturally better parents. And there are not without good reasons to think why this is so. Mothers, by right of mere logic, are the ones who bring children into the world, and are therefore responsible for carrying and birthing them; so it immediately seems that they will naturally do more for children throughout their lives in order to help and care for them, inasmuch as they have already done much of this work months before children even enter the world. But while these reasons are already in themselves truthful, and are thus often taken by judicial courts as sound premises to support custody decisions in favor of mothers, it cannot be denied that there are certain biases towards fathers that are committed in the process. In many court decisions, it seems axiomatic to say that male persons – fathers, that is – are not being given the same amount of esteem and recognition being accorded to female mothers. This paper thus argues that there is an existing bias towards fathers in the court system that determines custody cases. And while there are many observations to support such a claim, it may be good to cite at least three. Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody Decisions First, it is quite logical to surmise that the general perception about fathers – and the gender role stereotypes that come with such perception – contributes a lot to why mothers are frequently awarded with children’s custody in many court proceedings, specifically during divorce hearings. Men are not now nor have ever been consistently viewed as suitable caregivers. At the very least, they seem not be as nurturing as mothers. Their sole responsibility is to be destined, it seems, to provide for their family, and not to specifically nurture children. Thus, children and their mothers will always have a stronger attachment because mothers spend much more time caring for the children, whereas the father figure is more often seen to be better suited to be a hardworking, confident, and always providing role model. Besides, it has been argued that, on account of their being relatively unattached both physically and emotionally, divorced fathers â€Å"are more likely to be remarried† than their female counterparts (Ambert, 2005). Second, statistical records point to an indisputable fact that decisions favoring maternal custody of children reveal a lopsided trend. According to a report by the Canadian Department of Justice, 75% of divorce cases finalized by a contested hearing resulted in sole maternal custody and only 8% in sole paternal custody (Pulkingham, 1994). Meanwhile, in a more recent finding, it was observed that in both the United States and Canada, mothers were more likely to be awarded with children’s â€Å"physical custody† over fathers. It was moreover said that only 10-12% of children were ordered to live with their fathers; a trend which has been observed for many years now (Ambert, 2005). Present trends seem to always favor mothers. In fact, Maccoby, Depner and Mnookin affirm that while practical norms suggest that fathers must â€Å"remain involved† with children after divorce, many parents are â€Å"not rejecting the idea that children, particularly very young ones, should have their major residence with their mothers† (cited in Hetherington and Arasteh, ed, 1998, p. 112). Third, legal stipulations governing custody disputes also favor mothers more than fathers on account of certain stereotypes as well. One must note that the judicial system was in principle established to look out for the best interests of the innocent as well as those who are unable to secure basic protection of rights for themselves. Who is thus more in need of a judge’s guidance and assistance than the innocent and naive fully dependent beings as children? While men are not to be totally recognized as selfish beings, there are real problems surrounding their reputation. And it seems that their disgraceful track record pointing to how violent can male persons can become compared to female counterparts – at homes and the larger communities alike – is becoming more and more patent. In fact, â€Å"according to the Vancouver Police Department, of the 135 cases of violence and/or intimidation in intimate relations reported to the VPD in the month of July 1996, 88 percent of the suspects were male, and only 12 percent were female† (Richard, 1996). In marriages and relationships alike, it seems that sooner or later, men are far more likely than women to get violent or at least get verbally aggressive and threatening with their partners and spouses. These phenomena surely influence, one way or another, the creation of significant paternal restrictions in dealing with custody disputes. By Way of Conclusion: How Custody Cases Should Be Decided Drawing from the points that the discussions were able to present, this paper concludes with the thought that paternal custody for children evidently suffers from misjudged perspectives involving restrictive gender roles and stereotypes. The factors that were cited all seem to point to this long-known trend. The numbers have been, and I believe will always be in the favour of women – that women out of personal want or societal onus will always feel the urge to be more of the parent and provider for their children. But custody cases should be decided not on account of existing gender role assignment or biased stereotypes against the male gender. On the contrary, custody disputes must be decided upon without any compromise to the equal footing each parent – whether male or female – must be accorded in the process. Both parents must be accorded with equal time for visitation, residence and financial support; inasmuch as both parents are responsible for the well being of their children despite the failure in marital union. Works Cited Ambert, A. (2005). Divorce: Facts, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://www. vifamily. ca/library/cft/divorce_05. html#Custody Maccoby, E. , Depner, C. , and Mnookin, R. â€Å"Custody of Children Following Divorce† in Mavis Hetherington and Josephine Arasteh, editors. (1988) Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting and Stepparenting on Children. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pulkingham, J. (1994) â€Å"Contested Custody Claims in Canada†. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 9, 73-97. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://fathersforlife. org/millar/custody. htm. Richard, C. (1996). â€Å"Vancouver Police Department, ‘Violence and Intimidation Against Women in Relationships: January to July 1996’† as compiled by Margaret Denike & Agnes Huang (1998). Myths and Realities of Custody and Access. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://www. harbour. sfu. ca/freda/reports/myths. htm.

10 Description Essay Topics on Business Communication

10 Description Essay Topics on Business Communication If you are tasked with writing an essay on business communication, you must substantiate all of your claims with facts. Below are some interesting facts that might suit your writing purposes: Business communication is a unique offshoot of regular communication, even though the processes in each and the guiding principles for both are the same. The key difference lies in the situation in which they are applicable. General communication can be used in many situations around the world while business communication deals solely with business activities. There are two types of business activities. The first is internal and the second is external. Internal business activities include the improvement and maintenance of employee morale, the provision of orders to employees, the prescription of methods and business procedures, the announcement of organizational changes and policies, as well as updates for management. External business activities relate to the sale and requisition of goods and services, reports to shareholders, and the creation of favorable workplace environments. In both external and internal business activities the purpose of business communication is to secure action by the person who is receiving the communication. When a business person sends a message to someone else they expect that person to do something upon receipt of the message. This might be the approval of an action, the sending of information, the placing of an order, or any other action. In order to make sure that this happens business communication must rely upon unique language which is direct and concise. The language used for business communication must draw attention, develop conviction, induce action, create desire, or arouse interest. Business communication is typically applied to business documents. Business documents have to meet certain standards so that they are internationally recognized. There are two types of business documents including internal and external. Internal documents are those which circulate inside of a specific organization and often include proposals, memos and reports. External documents are those which circulate outside of an organization. These include reports, letters, and proposals. Some external documents might also include information disclosed to customers, clients, stockholders, media, and customers. Business communication is critical to the success of any organization no matter the size or location of the business. Business communication is part of the external image a company produces. Good business practices help companies achieve their objectives internally and externally through good business communication. In order to survive continual change processes and global environment businesses must change the structure and delivery of communication processes. Global environment for businesses must consider communication issues against a backdrop of technology, ethical concerns, culture, competition, and legal concerns. There are four basic elements to communication. The first is the sender. The second is the receiver. The third is the message. The fourth is the medium used for communication. Communication is therefore defined as the manner through which messages are conveyed to others through a proper and professional Channel.  There are different channels used to convey business communication. The decision to use a specific channel and by extension a specific medium is determined by the purpose of the communication, the ability of the encoder to use that medium, and the effect of the medium to deliver the message. When senders transmit messages a response is expected. Within professional communication responses are generally expected within 24 hours and in some cases within 48 hours during the Monday through Friday work week. If companies specifically state that their departments such as customer service are open on the weekend this response time may extend to weekends as well as weekdays. In any case the response received can be favorable, unfavorable, immediate, or deferred. When writing business communication feedback is essential. Feedback informs the sender that the message was received and the purpose of the message was for filled. Proper feedback in the form of a prompt response issues both parties that active listening is taking place. In many cases among modern communication a deplorable trend has emerged whereby recipients of communication opted not to read the entirety of the message and instead simply gloss over the content picking up a few key details. When this happens the feedback provided reflects upon this laziness. This happens regularly in areas such as customer service or when questions are posed to business policies. When a specific question is asked and the recipient fails to read the question in its entirety it results in the recipient responding inappropriately. The recipient might respond with the wrong answer to a question due to the fact that they read the question incorrectly. Things like this are happening more and more frequen tly within the business community as business communication fades into the backdrop of the online world. Effective business communication revolves around a clear purpose. Just like academic writing, business communication requires planning. The purpose must be planned out prior to writing. Effective communication requires that all people involved in the purpose have a shared responsibility. No matter the level within the company, everyone involved in a single communication is working toward a common goal which means that everyone has a share of the communication process. The needs of the receiver must be kept in mind when communicating in a business fashion. Active listening is an important way to show that both sides are assuming their shared responsibility and review the questions and content in their entirety. Active listening is one of the key elements of modern business communication which is starting to fade away, resulting in miscommunications regularly. Another key aspects related to effective business communication is the control of emotions. Communication and a business settin g requires the ultimate level of professionalism which means that everyone must be motivated to work toward shared goals and doing this means controlling emotions. Part of controlling emotions revolves around politeness. The tone of a communication within the business place is based on the choice of language and it will influence the reaction that the receiver feels. These facts are great, aren’t they? We hope they will suit your paper. Don’t forget to check our 20 topics on business communication for a description essay as well as description essay guide for one of these topics. References: Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu.  The business writers handbook. Macmillan, 2011. BoveÃŒ e, Courtland L, and John V Thill.  Business Communication Today. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print. BoveÃŒ e, Courtland L, John V Thill, and Barbara E Schatzman.  Business Communication Essentials. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Bruckmann, Clive, and Peter Hartley.  Business Communication. Hoboken: Taylor Francis, 2001. Print. Carver, B.E. Business CommunicationIndividualized: -A Different Approach-.  Business Communication Quarterly  37.3 (1974): 22-24. Web. Gopal, Namita.  Business Communication. New Delhi: New Age International, 2009. Print. Guffey, Mary Ellen, and Dana Loewy.  Essentials Of Business Communication. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Guffey, Mary Ellen.  Business Communication. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub., 2000. Print. OHair, Dan, Hannah Rubenstein, and Rob Stewart.  A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking: A PDF-style e-book. Macmillan Higher Education, 2012. Williams, Joseph M., and Joseph Bizup.  Style: The Basics. Longman, 2015.

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples In French,  sortir  means to exit, to leave, or to go out and it is a frequently used irregular  -ir  verb. When you want to use it in conversational French, its important to know how to conjugate it. This article will show you a few different meanings of sortir and its most frequently used conjugations: the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund. Sortir  Is Conjugated Like Partir and Dormir Within irregular  -ir  verbs, there are some patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. There is also a large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Sortir  lies in the first group and it does follow a particular pattern. Besides sortir, this group includes dormir  (to sleep), mentir  (to lie), partir  (to leave), sentir  (to feel), servir  (to serve)  and all of their derivatives, such as repartir  (to divide). All of these verbs drop the last letter of the radical (root) in the singular conjugations. For instance, in first person singular of sortir is je sors (no t) while the first person plural is nous sortons (retains the t from the root). The more you can recognize these patterns, the easier it will be to remember conjugations. Generally speaking, most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated this way.   Using Sortir  in French Sortir  essentially means the opposite of  entrer  (to enter)  and the meaning changes slightly depending on what follows it. But the most common meaning is to go out and to exit or leave as in Je veux sortir ce soir (I want to go out tonight) or Nous ne sommes pas sortis depuis deux mois (We havent gone out for two months). When followed by a preposition or a direct object,  sortir  takes on a slightly different and more specific meaning. sortir de means  to get out of or to leave: As in,  Tu dois sortir de leau (You need to get out of the water) and Sortez de chez moi ! (Get out of my house!). It can also be used for something like, Doà ¹ sort-il  ? (Where has he been?).sortir de (informal) means  to have just done something: As in, On sort de manger (We just ate) and  Il sortait de finir  (He had just finished).sortir en / means  to go out in / on: As in, Nous allons sortir en voiture (Were going to go out in the car / go for a drive) and Je veux sortir bicyclette (I want to go out on my bike / go for a bike ride).sortir en   present participle  means to ___ out: As in,  Pourquoi est-il sorti en courant ? (Why did he run out?) and  Elle sort en boitant (She is limping out).sortir par  means  to get out by means of: As in, Tu ne peux pas sortir par la porte (You cant get out through the door) and Loiseau est sorti par la fenà ªtre (The bird went out the window).sortir direct object  m eans to take out: As in,  Tu dois sortir le chien ce soir. (You need to take the dog out tonight) and Jai sorti la voiture du garage  (I took the car out of the garage). Sortir  as a Pronominal Verb As a pronominal verb,  se sortir de  can take on even more meanings. For instance,  se sortir de  means to get out of or to extricate oneself. For example, Jespà ¨re quil va pouvoir se sortir de cette situation  (I hope hell be able to get out of that situation), or Je me suis sorti dun mauvais pas  (I got out of a tight spot). Sen sortir  means to survive/get through a dangerous or difficult situation, as in Je ne sais pas sil va sen sortir  (I dont know if hes going to make it / pull through) or Tu ten es bien sorti  ! (Youve done really well!). Common French Expressions With Sortir   There are plenty of idiomatic expressions using  sortir.  Keep in mind that you will need to conjugate  sortir  in many of these. sortir indemne dun choc -  to exit unscathedsortir de limagination -  being the result of creativity, inspirationsortir de sa cachette -  get out of hidingsen sortir -  to extract oneself from a difficult situationsortir de lordinaire -  to stand out from the ordinaryle petit oiseau va sortir. -  The photo is about to be taken. Present Indicative Je sors Je sors de la maison 8 heures du matin. I leave the house at 8 am. Tu sors Tu sors le chien. You take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sort Elle sort au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She goes out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortons Nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. We leave work very late. Vous sortez Vous sortez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortent Ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. They go out through the window. Present Progressive Indicative To speak about ongoing actions in the present in French you can use the regular present tense or the present progressive, which is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (sortir). Je suis en train de sortir Je suisen train de sortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am leaving the house at 8 am. Tu esen train de sortir Tu esen train de sortir le chien. You are taking the dog out. Il/Elle/On esten train de sortir Elle esten train de sortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She is going out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommesen train de sortir Nous sommesen train de sortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We are leaving work very late. Vous à ªtesen train de sortir Vous à ªtesen train de sortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You are taking the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sonten train de sortir Ils sonten train de sortir par la fenà ªtre. They are going out through the window. Compound Past Indicative The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is translated to English as the simple past. It is formed using either the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  or the auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle  sorti. Sortir is a special verb because in the compound tenses, it  may be conjugated with both  Ãƒ ªtre or  avoir, depending on whether  sortir  is used intransitively or transitively. When  sortir  is used  intransitively, the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, and in that case the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: Es-tu sorti hier soir  ? (Did you go out last night?). When  sortir  is used  transitively, the auxiliary verb is  avoir: Jai sorti la voiture du garage (I took the car out of the garage). Je suis sorti(e)/ai sorti Je suis sorti de la maison 8 heures du matin. I left the house at 8 am. Tu es sorti(e)/as sorti Tu as sorti le chien. You took the dog out. Il/Elle/On est sorti(e)/a sorti Elle est sortie au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She went out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommes sortis(ies)/avons sorti Nous sommes sortis du travail trà ¨s tard. We left work very late. Vous à ªtes sorti(s/ies)/avez sorti Vous avez sorti les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You took the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sont sortis(ies)/ont sorti Ils sont sortis par la fenà ªtre. They went out through the window. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was going out or used to go out. It is used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past. Je sortais Je sortais de la maison 8 heures du matin. I used to leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortais Tu sortais le chien. You used to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortait Elle sortaitau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She used to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortions Nous sortions du travail trà ¨s tard. We used to leave work very late. Vous sortiez Vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You used to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortaient Ils sortaient par la fenà ªtre. They used to go out through the window. Simple Future Indicative Je sortirai Je sortirai de la maison 8 heures du matin. I will leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortiras Tu sortiras le chien. You will take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortira Elle sortiraau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She will go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortirons Nous sortirons du travail trà ¨s tard. We willleave work very late. Vous sortirez Vous sortirez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You will take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortiront Ils sortiront par la fenà ªtre. They will go out through the window. Near Future Indicative The near future in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (sortir). It is translated to English as going to verb. Je vais sortir Je vaissortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am going to leave the house at 8 am. Tu vas sortir Tu vasortir le chien. You are going to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On vasortir Elle vasortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She isgoing to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous allonssortir Nous allonssortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We aregoing toleave work very late. Vous allezsortir Vous allezsortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You aregoing to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles vontsortir Ils vontsortir par la fenà ªtre. They aregoing to go out through the window. Conditional To talk about possibilities or hypothetical events, you can use the conditional mood. Je sortirais Je sortirais de la maison 8 heures du matin si je me levais plus tà ´t. I would leave the house at 8 am if I got up earlier. Tu sortirais Tu sortirais le chien si je le demandais. You would take the dog out if I asked for it. Il/Elle/On sortirait Elle sortiraitau cinà ©ma avec Jean si elle voulait. She would go out to the movies with Jean if she wanted to. Nous sortirions Nous sortirionsdu travail trà ¨s tard si c'à ©tait nà ©cessaire. We wouldleave work very late if it were necessary. Vous sortiriez Vous sortiriez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger si vous vouliez. You wouldtake the trash out after eating if you wanted to. Ils/Elles sortiraient Ils sortiraient par la fenà ªtre s'ils pouvaient. They would go out through the window if they could. Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used in cases where the action is uncertain. Que je sortes Il est important que je sortes de la maison 8 heures du matin. It's important that I leave the house at 8 am. Que tu sortes Maurice est content que tu sortes le chien. Maurice is happy that you take the dog out. Qu'il/Elle/On sorte Il est possible qu'elle sorte au cinà ©ma avec Jean. It is possible that she go out to the movies with Jean. Que nous sortions Le patron suggà ¨re que nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. The boss suggests that we leave work very late. Que vous sortiez Votre pà ¨re exige que vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. Your father demands that you take the trash out after eating. Qu'ils/Elles sortent Carl conseille qu'ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. Carl advises that they go out through the window. Imperative There are times when you simply want to tell someone to Get out! On these occasions, you can turn to the imperative verb mood which does not require a subject pronoun. Instead, you can just tell them Sors ! To form the negative commands, simply place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu sors ! Sors le chien ! Take the dog out! Nous sortons! Sortons du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's leave work very late! Vous sortez! Sortez les poubelles ! Take out the trash! Negative commands Tu ne sors pas ! Ne sors pas le chien ! Don't take the dog out! Nous ne sortons pas! Ne sortons pas du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's not leave work very late! Vous ne sortez pas! Ne sortez pas les poubelles ! Don't take out the trash! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  of  sortir  is  sortant. This was formed by simply adding  -ant  to the verb stem. The present participle can be used to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which can be used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofSortir sortant Il est tombà © en sortant le chien. He fell down while taking the dog out.

Reporting Money to Customs at the Canadian Border

Reporting Money to Customs at the Canadian Border When traveling to and from Canada, there are rules surrounding what youre allowed to bring into and out of the country. Canadians returning home must declare any goods they purchased or otherwise acquired while out of the country. This includes things like gifts, prizes, and awards, including items that will be shipped later. Anything purchased at a Canadian or foreign duty-free shop also must be declared.   A good rule of thumb when returning to Canada through customs: If youre not sure whether or not  something needs to be declared, its better to declare it and clear it with border personnel. It would be much worse to fail to declare something that officers discover later. Officials can seize any goods being illegally imported into Canada and, if  caught, youre likely to face penalties and fines. If you try to bring a firearm or other weapon into Canada without declaring it, you could face criminal charges. Bringing Money Into Canada There are no limits to the amount of money that travelers may bring into or take out of Canada. However, amounts of $10,000 or more must be reported to customs officials at the Canadian border.  Anyone who fails to report amounts of $10,000 or more could find their funds seized, and face a penalty between  $250 and $500. If you are carrying $10,000 or more in coins, domestic and foreign bank notes, securities such as travelers checks, stocks, and bonds, you must complete a Cross-Border Currency or Monetary Instruments Report - Individual Form E677. If the money is not your own, you should complete Form E667 Cross-Border Currency or Monetary Instruments Report - General. The form should be signed and handed to a customs officer for review. Completed forms are sent to the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Center of Canada (FINTRAC) for assessment and analysis. Non-Canadians Visiting Canada Anyone bringing goods into Canada must declare them to a border officer. This rule applies to cash and other items of monetary value. Its a good idea to have some idea of exchange rates because the minimum amount required to be declared is $10,000 in Canadian dollars. Personal Exemptions for Returning Canadians Canadian residents or temporary residents returning to Canada from a trip outside the country and former Canadian residents returning to live in Canada may qualify for personal exemptions. This allows them to bring a certain value of goods into Canada without having to pay the regular duties. Theyll still have to pay duties, taxes and any provincial/territory assessments on the value of goods above the personal exemption. Future Issues at the Border The Canada Border Services Agency keeps a record of violations. Travelers into and out of Canada who develop a record of infractions may have issues crossing the border in the future and may be subject to more detailed examinations. Tip: The best course of action for anyone entering Canada, whether youre a citizen or not, is to have your identification and travel documents readily available.   Be honest and be patient, and youll be on your way quickly.

The Spine - Angels in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Spine - Angels in America - Essay Example The setting is in America and the backdrop of greed, conservation, sexual politics and the discovery of an appalling new infection (AIDS) characterize it. Millennium Approaches and perestroika are well-illustrated using specific situations (Kushner, 23). The reconstruction of the American identity is based on the deliberate recycling of traditional American myths and elements of American culture. Gay characters envisage numerous themes, which include the American history, politics, religion, social policies and lifestyle, lead the play. Some of the characters in this play include, Prior Wlter, Louis Ironson, Harper Pitt, Joe Pitt, Roy Cohn, Ethel Rosenberg, Hannah Pitt, Belize and the voice or angel (Kushner, 34). The play remains the most adored and honored in America. Some critics term it as a political drama while others call it a gay drama. The pay is made up of two parts namely, the Millennium Approaches and the Perestroika (Kushner, 12). In essence, a fantasia refers to a piece of musical thought sinuous from another with diminutive regard for set forms or standards. Kushner makes the play flow by allowing overlapping scenes in a contraptual manner, where characters move in and out in simultaneous dialogues. The settings from offices to house to parks and hospitals rapidly change to align with the thematic change. The spine of this play is fundamentally the history of America and politics. The people’s history outlines fundamental features that characterize a typical American person (Kushner, 40). The social element that sees characters like Prior Walter and Roy Cohn practice and support are a fundamental feature of the American social fabric. However, it is imperative to note that, diversity is expressed in sundry ways by the characters. For instance, the Cohn develops the theme of politics (Kushner, 39). Cohn vividly reveals a political aspect portrayed by self-repugnance, power hungry hypocrite. American history develops with the author’s sense of employing the Brechtian epic mode and form. The play is immensely influenced by the use of numerous points of perception and a dialectical hallucination of history. Kushner succeed to describe the angel of history of America as looking as though moving away from something he is steadily contemplating. The like to stay and awaken the dead. The eyes are staring, and the wings are wide spread. The face is turned towards the past. However, the storm is blowing from paradise. This storm propels him into the future to which his back is turned. The storm is called progress (Kushner, 257-58). It is noticeable that, the listed features characterize the angel of history. They depict the people‘s desire to remain with the past historical practices, but it seems not possible due to the strong storm that blows. The storm is symbolically used to indicate the intense sense for a change in the social, economical and political patterns. Kushner’s hallucination transcends and a nswers numerous of the multifaceted contradictions we grapple. Art deposes politics. In spite of Louis’s scrutiny on the absence of angels in America, only political supremacy existed, Kushner seem to say that art, love and vision, alongside the power of muddled human rendezvous and forgiveness, can outshine the static solution of the angels. Angels cannot grapple our world. It is moving too swift for them. They do not visage the choices and dilemmas that influence humanity. They cannot

Starbucks Structure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Structure - Case Study Example This paper highlights that Starbucks prides itself in employing people who like the company’s product: coffee. The company does not advertise for servers but for baristas or bar persons. Together with the coffee they love, a barista stays behind the counter. The Starbucks employee is expected to prepare beverages, provide friendly service to customers and come up with ideas to improve operations. An applicant must have at least a high school diploma. He or she must have worked at least six months in the food and beverage industry. He or she must also be outgoing, confident, able to multi-task and enjoy coffee. Because it has expanded globally Starbucks should employ departmentalization by geographic region. This type of departmentalization is appropriate for organizations with different locations. This type allows â€Å"managerial efforts that address territorial differences† as one strategy which had worked for one branch may not be suitable for the other branches in a nother part of the world. As the discussion declares the form should not be changed in stores with lunches and food products. Although departmentalization by product or customer may seem appropriate for these Starbucks stores because food products and lunches are not available in all stores, I think departmentalization by geographic area already provides enough flexibility to the store managers, district managers and vice presidents to make decisions they think would be beneficial for their stores. Taking the example of stores with lunches and food products, the group specific to the Asian region may take note that unlike people in the Western region, their customers prefer having rice or noodles for lunch rather than bread. As such, they should try to cater to this demand rather than go against a culturally staple item.  

Islamic Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic Banking - Essay Example Islamic Banking is a type of banking that is constantly based on the Islamic or Shariah law and its implementation is through the growth of Islamic economics. This type of banking system prohibits the fixed payment interest on loaned money and it also shuns the investment in the business that cater goods and services that are considered unlawful in Islam. Today more than 200 Islamic financial institutions exist around the world (Iqbal and Llewellyn, 2002). Ahmad El Najjar pioneered the first Islamic bank that came into existence in Egypt, in 1963. Thus, when 1976 ended, there were nine banks in the country that were established on the same concept; however, previously in 1974 the Organization of Islamic Countries had established a bank called Islamic Development Bank that purely ran on the principles of Islam. Although the bank was not a commercial one, it did provide funds for the businesses in order to encourage economic growth. After recognizing the Islamic banking system, several banks came into existence, such as Dubai Islamic Bank, Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan, and the Bahrain Islamic Bank (Shariah-Fortune, 2012). Despite the growing trend in the Islamic banking system, unfortunately the inception of Islamic Banking in Pakistan did not survive. ... The banks previously were more focused on interest free banking; however in 1985, the Organization of Islamic Conference affirmed takaful, or Islamic insurance, as Shariah compliant. Thus, this gave the Islamic banking sector a wider tangent that now covered capital markets, capital formation, and varied financial instruments and intermediaries (Shariah-Fortune, 2012). The development and growth of Islamic Banking has always been experimental. The pioneers of the Islamic Banking have faltered, failed, and learnt through mistakes over time. However, the system has been prolific to the economies. Several empirical studies entail that the performance and efficiency of Islamic banking are significantly good. One of the studies conducted by Iqbal in 2001 drew a sample from countries that had Islamic and conventional banking; he took 12 Islamic banks and 12 conventional banks from 10 countries in order to find out the productivity of the banks using a comparative framework. His study concl uded that the Islamic banking displayed higher rates of growth in key variables in comparison to the conventional banking system. It also highlighted that the Islamic banks apparently performed well and generally they yielded good profits and well capitalized; another factor that surfaced was that Islamic banks used resources more effectively, which were available to them. Moreover, when the conventional banks were studied alongside Islamic banks as a group, it turned out that they outperformed the conventional system in all areas. However, there were certain variations among the Islamic banks that surfaced during the studies in terms of growth and performance (Iqbal, 2011). Nevertheless, Samad in 1999 compared

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Essay

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Projects in Developing Countries - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that CSR is the process by which a company integrates the economic, its environmental and social objectives at the same time, addressing the expectations of its stakeholder and enhancing as well as sustaining the shareholder value.   CSR is the overall association between a corporation and the stakeholders that include its customers, its employees, its communities, owners/investors, the government, its suppliers, and competitors. Elements of CSR will include investment in the community outreach, its employee relations, creation and the maintenance of employment, the environmental stewardship and its financial performance. A firm which is committed to the development of its employee and empowerment is, by default, already incorporating some components of activities related to CSR. A firm that freely shares information with its employees about any move toward downsizing, and then helping the displaced employees in finding new jobs, is said to actively practice CSR. Moreover, a firm which is actively committed towards the production of reliable, safe and many innovative products and services which is in line with the customer needs is said to be strategically involved in the CSR activities. There can be situations where employees can become cynical that while on one side the organization is fairly generous in its donations and charities, it does not adequately express sensitivity to the working conditions or to employees' safety. In such conditions, the public could become critical if it so turned out that an organization is not showing responsibility towards its environmental issues. CSR is, thus considered a management approach which takes into account several integrated procedures. The socio-economic and cultural background that is present in developing countries provides a context for CSR that is different in many ways from the developed countries.

Marketing Management Tesco&Asda Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management Tesco&Asda - Case Study Example It considers all the future cash flows of that customer arising from him consuming in the future. Customer relationship management should lead to increased CLV. When one thinks of maximizing CLV, one has to take a long term perspective and hence focus on customer retention rather than just making a sale. This, coupled with the concept of the Pareto principle - that 80% of a company's sales come from 20% of their customers - has made firms have realized that retaining that 20% is integral to their increased profitability (Jobber, Lancastor, 2006) Tesco is the UK's biggest retiler chin who sells everything to stisfy customers' needs such s books, grocery, household equipment, flowers, wine etc. (yhoo finnce 2003) Tesco hve stores in UK, republic of Irelnd, Frnce, Hungry, Polnd, Czech Republic, Thilnd, South Kore nd Tiwn. Through these stores they employ 260 000 people which 65,000 of these re employed overses tht giving them ccess to popultion of 280m cross 10 mrkets. Their gol is to crete 21 000 new jobs in the coming yer. Their min mrket is in the UK where 55 new Tesco stores where opened in 2002, which results in 729 stores now. Their profit in 2002 ws 1,221m before tx compred to previous yer when the result 1,070m. The Tesco group re lso offering non-food division nd retiling services. The non-food division consists of their own opticins. In order to mke it esier for customers for tht reson they cn buy both their grocery nd medicine t the sme time. Tesco re lso the owner of gs sttions. The retil services re offering personl finnce such s life insurnce nd generl insurnce (home, cr, pet, trvel), credit crds nd lons nd sving schemes nd their own webpge (yhoo finnce 2003). s of its 2006 yer end Tesco ws the fourth lrgest retiler in the world. The three lrgest re Wl-Mrt, Crrefour nd Home Depot. METRO ws only just behind nd might move hed gin if the euro strengthens ginst the pound, but METRO's sles include mny billions of wholesle turnover, nd its retil turnover is much less thn Tesco's. t 25 Februry 2006 Tesco operted 1,897 stores in the UK (25.9 million squre feet, 2.395 million m) nd 814 outside the UK (32.8 million squre feet, 3.02 million m). In the UK, there re 83 Tesco Extr stores; 447 Tesco superstores; 161 Tesco Metro stores; 277 Tesco Express stores nd 910 recently-cquired T&S stores still to be converted (see 'Moving in on the convenience ("c-store") sector', below. Tesco's mrket cpitlistion on 31 December 2005 ws 26.035 billion ($44.8 billion), which ws the lrgest of ny retiler bsed outside the United Sttes. Tesco is incresingly trget for people in the UK who dispprove of the effects supermrket chins cn hve on frmers, suppliers nd smller competitors. sd SD ws founded in 1965 when group of Yorkshire frmers decided to go together. SD's successes led to prtnership with the Wl-Mrt fmily from U.S. in 1999. The mission SD hs is to be "Britin's best vlue retiler, exceeding customers needs", (SD 2003) offering prices 10% lower thn min competitors on product such s fresh food, clothing, home, leisure nd entertinment goods etc. The compny lso offers hll lmb nd chicken to meet the demnd of Muslim customers, this long with rnge of ethnic foods, found in Hong Kong nd Jmic. SD ssures tht the "slughter process re crefully set nd monitored by SD's Product Development Tem". (SD 2003) SD hs currently 255 stores nd 19 storehouses throughout the UK nd is plnning to open 10 new stores

The effect of EDPA and FDPA on students' final examination results Article

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Marketing Management Tesco&Asda Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management Tesco&Asda - Case Study Example It considers all the future cash flows of that customer arising from him consuming in the future. Customer relationship management should lead to increased CLV. When one thinks of maximizing CLV, one has to take a long term perspective and hence focus on customer retention rather than just making a sale. This, coupled with the concept of the Pareto principle - that 80% of a company's sales come from 20% of their customers - has made firms have realized that retaining that 20% is integral to their increased profitability (Jobber, Lancastor, 2006) Tesco is the UK's biggest retiler chin who sells everything to stisfy customers' needs such s books, grocery, household equipment, flowers, wine etc. (yhoo finnce 2003) Tesco hve stores in UK, republic of Irelnd, Frnce, Hungry, Polnd, Czech Republic, Thilnd, South Kore nd Tiwn. Through these stores they employ 260 000 people which 65,000 of these re employed overses tht giving them ccess to popultion of 280m cross 10 mrkets. Their gol is to crete 21 000 new jobs in the coming yer. Their min mrket is in the UK where 55 new Tesco stores where opened in 2002, which results in 729 stores now. Their profit in 2002 ws 1,221m before tx compred to previous yer when the result 1,070m. The Tesco group re lso offering non-food division nd retiling services. The non-food division consists of their own opticins. In order to mke it esier for customers for tht reson they cn buy both their grocery nd medicine t the sme time. Tesco re lso the owner of gs sttions. The retil services re offering personl finnce such s life insurnce nd generl insurnce (home, cr, pet, trvel), credit crds nd lons nd sving schemes nd their own webpge (yhoo finnce 2003). s of its 2006 yer end Tesco ws the fourth lrgest retiler in the world. The three lrgest re Wl-Mrt, Crrefour nd Home Depot. METRO ws only just behind nd might move hed gin if the euro strengthens ginst the pound, but METRO's sles include mny billions of wholesle turnover, nd its retil turnover is much less thn Tesco's. t 25 Februry 2006 Tesco operted 1,897 stores in the UK (25.9 million squre feet, 2.395 million m) nd 814 outside the UK (32.8 million squre feet, 3.02 million m). In the UK, there re 83 Tesco Extr stores; 447 Tesco superstores; 161 Tesco Metro stores; 277 Tesco Express stores nd 910 recently-cquired T&S stores still to be converted (see 'Moving in on the convenience ("c-store") sector', below. Tesco's mrket cpitlistion on 31 December 2005 ws 26.035 billion ($44.8 billion), which ws the lrgest of ny retiler bsed outside the United Sttes. Tesco is incresingly trget for people in the UK who dispprove of the effects supermrket chins cn hve on frmers, suppliers nd smller competitors. sd SD ws founded in 1965 when group of Yorkshire frmers decided to go together. SD's successes led to prtnership with the Wl-Mrt fmily from U.S. in 1999. The mission SD hs is to be "Britin's best vlue retiler, exceeding customers needs", (SD 2003) offering prices 10% lower thn min competitors on product such s fresh food, clothing, home, leisure nd entertinment goods etc. The compny lso offers hll lmb nd chicken to meet the demnd of Muslim customers, this long with rnge of ethnic foods, found in Hong Kong nd Jmic. SD ssures tht the "slughter process re crefully set nd monitored by SD's Product Development Tem". (SD 2003) SD hs currently 255 stores nd 19 storehouses throughout the UK nd is plnning to open 10 new stores

International Finance Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Finance Questions - Assignment Example Interest rate swaps are over the counter (private) transactions; and they are highly liquid financial derivatives that can be used by hedgers to manage both their fixed and floating assets and liabilities. A party that pay fixed rate is referred to as the payer and the receiving party is called the receiver. For example, X agrees to pay fixed rate of interest under specified time intervals to W and in return, X receives variable or floating interest on notional principle from W. The types of currency swaps include fixed for floating swap for same currency, fixed for floating rate for different currencies, floating for floating swap for same currency, floating for floating rate for different currencies and fixed for fixed rate swap for different currencies. Currency swap refers to a foreign-exchange currency agreement entered into by two parties in relation to principal alone or with interest for payment of a specified loan sum in one currency for an equivalent principle and interest of a specified loan sum in another currency (Shamah, 2003). Payments are made periodically and at maturity or termination of the contract, the principal amounts are re-exchanged. Currency swaps are over the counter financial instruments. Foreign currency swaps are long term because they involve high costs associated with finding counterparty. Currency swap are further divided into two. Principle only currency swap and principal plus interest currency swap. Principle only currency swap is appropriate for contract that are up to ten years and involves exchange of principle with another party in a specific time in future at a rate agreed at the present. It is used to secure cheap loan and reduce exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. Principal plus interest currency swap considers both principal and interest payments. In currency swap, principal is exchanged on national amounts at market rates, often using the same rate for the transfer at inception and at maturity. Credit default swa ps refers to contracts between two parties, where one who buys credit default swap, pays a seller and receives a payoff if loan is defaulted.

General relativity Essay Example for Free

General relativity Essay For many years time travel was the stuff of science fiction. This was all just part of the worlds imagination until recently. Scientists now believe that the current laws of physics allow us to travel though time. They believe that we can now travel back to see our founding fathers sign the declaration of independence. We could travel to 2999 to witness the birth of the next new millennium. Such travel would require a machine capable of withstanding great pressures and incredible amounts of speed. The act of actually traveling though time is for the most part, agreed upon, but the implications of such travel is not so decided upon. Many different theorists have different views of what could happen and some go, as far as to say that if we did travel to the past, we would end up in a different universe that is a replica of this one. One of the most basic concepts is that of Dilation, a stretching of something. Some scientists believe that the main gateway to the past or future is a wormhole. Einsteins general relativity theory explains about universal constants, this is important to understand the concepts of travel at light speed. Traveling to the past could create problems if someone tried to change something. This is a paradox. A few of these paradoxes are explained through the use of quantum mechanics. Sailing though the cosmos at the speed of light with no time passing us by, moving throughout time to witness the ancient Egyptians create their masterpieces. This is an exciting concept that we could actually formulate and make happen. Before the time of Einstein, Newton and other great investigators thought of space as an infinite expanse in which all things exist (Hewitt 213). We are in space and we live in it along with all of the planets and stars. It was never clear if the universe exists in space or space exists in the universe. Dose space exists outside the universe or only within the bounds of it. The similar question, does the universe exist only in time or does time only exist in the universe? Was there time before the universe, and will there be time after it ceases to exist? Einsteins answer to this is that time and space only exist within the universe. There is no time or space ? outside. (Hewitt 213) Einstein said that space and time are two separate parts of a whole called space-time (Hewitt 213). To understand this, consider our present knowledge. We move though time at the rate of 24 hours per day. This is only half the story though. To get the other half we have to convert our thinking from moving though time to moving though space-time (Hewitt 213). When we move, we not only move through space, we move though time. This is the idea of space-time. If a person were to stand still, they would be moving only though time. If they moved a little bit, they would be moving though space a little bit, but still mostly though time. If one were to travel at the speed of light, what changes would they experience in time? The answer is simple; they would be traveling through space, with no travel though time (Hewitt 214). They would be as ageless as light, for light travels though space only (not time) and is timeless. The frame of reference of a photon, a particle of light, a trip across the universe would take no time at all (Hewitt 214). To understand how traveling though time would work, we must first understand how time and space can be stretched. Motion in space affects motion in time. Whenever we move through space, we to some degree alter our rate of motion in time. This is known as time dilation, a stretching of time that occurs ever so slightly for everyday speeds, but significantly for speeds approaching the speed of light. If we were to attempt to travel to the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, which is 4 light years away, even traveling at the speed of light would take 8 years round trip (Hewitt 228). The center of our galaxies is something like 30000 light years away and at the speed of light would take 30000 years to get there. We could not possibly survive that long. These arguments fail to take in to account of time dilation though. Time for a stationary observer on earth and for an astronaut on a spaceship of high velocity is different. A persons heart beats to the rhythm of the realm it is in. One realm of time seems the same as any other to the person in the realms, but not to an observer outside that realm that can see the difference. As an example, astronauts traveling at 99% the speed of light could make a trip to the star Procyon that is 11. 4 light-years away in 23 earth years round trip (Hewitt 229). Because of time dilation, it would seem that only 3 years passed for the astronauts, there clocks would be 3 years older; they would be biologically only 3 years older (Hewitt 229). It would be the mission control people that would appear to be 23 years older. The question is why dose this happen. Lets say that we are in our hometown, looking at the grandfather clock that is in the center of town. The clock reads 12:00 noon. Light from the sun bounces off the face of the clock and hits our eyes. We then turn our head and the light misses us and travels off into space. In space, there is a space ship that is traveling at the speed of light. An astronaut looks out his passenger-side window and sees the reflection of the clock. It reads 12:00 noon. As he continues to move at the speed of light, he keeps up with the reflected face of the clock. In the space ship time would pass as normal, but time in the universe would have seemed to stop. This might sound like cosmic bologna but the idea has been proven. In 1975 Professor Carl Tllie of the University of Maryland tested this theory using two synchronized atomic clocks (Brian par2). One clock was placed on a plain and flown for several hours while he other clock stayed on the ground. Upon landing, the clock on the plain was a little slower than the one on the ground. This was not due to experimental error, for the same test was done several times and each time yielded the same results. Because of time dilation travel in to the distance future is a definite possibility. The only problem lies in propelling a craft to such speed at which light travels. Carl Sagan wrote a science fiction novel about a fictional device that allowed his character to travel great distances across the universe. Those faster than light speeds are not achievable; he also knew there was a common convention in science fiction that would allow a gimmick of a shortcut through ? Hyper space as a means around this problem( par2 ) . Sagen turned to Kip Thorne for help for hyperspace connections through space-time( par2). A black hole always has two ends, a property ignored by everyone except a few mathematicians until the mid-1980s. Thorne was sufficiently intrigued to set two of his Ph. D. students, Michael Morris and Ulvi Yurtsever, the task of working out some of the details of the physical behavior of what the relativists know aswormholes. By starting out from the mathematical end of the problem, they constructed a space-time geometry that matched Sagans requirement of a wormhole that could be physical traversed by human beings. Sagan was right; hyperspace connections do at least in theory provide a means to travel to far distant regions of the universe without spending thousands of years putting around in an ordinary spacecraft. Since the 30s scientists have speculated that wormholes exist. Einsteins theory combines 3 dimensional space with time to create a 4 dimensional space (Brian par3). Wormholes are gateways between two different parts of the universe made by linking two black holes. Wormholes are in the fabric of 4 dimensional space that are connected, but which originate at different points in space and different times. By connecting the two holes they provide a quick path between two different locations in space and time. Distortions in space cause the point separated by the gap to bulge out and connect. This forms a wormhole through, which something could instantaneously travel to a far away place and time. This is basically the 4dinensial equivalent of a folded sheet of paper, to make contact from one edge of the paper to the other. One could build a craft strong enough to withstand the intense force of the gravity towards the center, and pass right through like opening a door of a house and stepping outside, except the space travelers outside could be light-years away and centuries before the current time. If the traveler enters one side he would exit in the opposite side in a different place and time. The difficulty of doing this is in keeping the hole open till the travel gets through otherwise it would collapse and the traveler would not be seen again. The trip is not impossible just extremely difficult. It is believed to be possible to create our own wormhole. To actually make one, two identical machines consisting of 2 parallel metal plates charged with unbelievable amounts of energy would need to be constructed. When the machines are placed in close proximity of each other the enormous amounts of energy, about that of an exploding star, would rip a hole in the space-time continuum and connect the two machines via a wormhole. This is possible and the beginnings of it have been illustrated in the lab by what is known as the Casimir effect. The next step would be to put one of these machines on a space ship and send it off at near light speed. The ship would take the machine on a journey while being connected to the other on earth via the wormhole. A step in the hole would take us to where the other machine is, but that would be in a different time. Its use would be somewhat limited because we could not travel to a time before the machine was created. However if we were to utilize wormhole technologic we would have to be so advanced that we could master the energy within blockhouse. Space-time consists of portraits or events that represent a particular place at a particular time. Your life forms sort of a worm in space-time. The tip of the tail is your birth and the head is your death. And everything that is the body is your life, otherwise called your world line. In three-dimensional space, a rocket that is not accelerating is stationary, but in four-dimensional space the ship is moving along is world line. Einsteins law states simply that the world line of every object is a geodesic in the continuum. A geodesic is the shortest distance between two points but in curved space is not generally a straight line. If an objects world line were to be distorted, so much of form a loop connected with a part on itself that represented an earlier place in time it would create a corridor to the past. Picture a loop to loop that runs into it as it comes around. This closed loop is called a closed time like curve. These curves could be used to travel into our own history. All the clams made about time travel are consequences of the basic scientific laws and standard Quantum Mechanics. Wormholes and closed time like curves appear to be the main way to travel to the past. The aforementioned theories do fine in expelling how to we would go about traveling through time, but they do little to explain what it would be like traveling through them. Quantum mechanics can be used to model possible scenarios and yields the probability of each possible output. In the context of time travel, it has a so-called many universe interpretation. First pursed by Huge Evertt III in 1957. This means that if something can physically happen it does in some universe. Everett says that our reality is only one of the many equally valid universes. There is a collection of these universes called a multiverse. Every multiverse has copies of every person, structure and atom. For every possible event every possible outcome is said to be played out in a different universe. This interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is quite controversial, but it does suggest that it may be impossible to travel backward in it to our own dimension, but quite possible to travel back in time to an alternate dimension. Such an idea of linking parallel universes has been suggested in science fiction novels and in some television shoes such as Sliders. In the television series Sliders, a sliding machine creates a wormhole that links 2 parallel dimensions. Each week a group of these sliders jump into the wormhole and emerge in the same place and time, but in a different dimension. They can run into there own selves and experience a society vastily different than their own. The stuff of science fiction stems from existing Physical theories. So now that we know travel through time is theoretically possible, what would it be like? What would traveling at light speed be like? It would be similar to driving our car at 60 mph. You could not really tell the difference, Einstein says that you can not tell the difference in uniformly moving vessels. According to Einsteins laws of special relativity sight speed travel is not achievable. For any object to attain light speed, an object must be massless, such as a photon. Any object with mass would require an infinite amount of energy to accelerate to light speed. As we know, everything has mass so it would be impossible for any human to achieve these speeds. Another barrier on our traveling the speed of light, is the fact that light is pure energy, if we were to travel at that speed, we would turn into energy blobs. What happens when we actually travel back in to time? What happens if we change something, or try to commit suicide or to invent something from the future that we take for granted? The future from that point could be drastically changed. This argument is commonly called the Chronology principal. This principal states that the time travel could bring information to the past that could be used to create new ideas or products. If Pablo Picaso, the most influential and successful painter of the 20th century were to travel back in time to meet his younger self, assuming he stayed in his correct universe, he could then give himself a portfolio of all his work. His younger self could reproduce the paintings and profoundly and irrevocably affecting the future of art. This would involve no creative energy by the inventor. The reproductions would exist because they are copies from the original and the originals exist because they are copies of the reproductions. No creative energy would ever have to be put forth to create these masterpieces. Because of the chronology principal time travel, by some, has been ruled out. The cosmos await us, and the history of our world is at our fingertips. Would we use this great power for good, bad, and wealth? All we have to do is get in our spaceship, set sail for the nearest wormhole, and hope for a little luck, and we can witness things only told in stories. Only the traveler can decided what he or she wishes to go back for. The theories today state that traveling through time is possible, however they do not say what could be the repercussions of our actions. This great frontier awaits us; we have the knowledge, and are slowly but surly developing the technology. Only time will tell when time itself no longer rules our lives as one of the chief amendments of the universal constitution.

Jordans back :: essays research papers

College athletics have always been one of American's favorite pastimes. We as Americans love the thrill of hard competition. College athletics have always been at the heart of this competitive rush. They have always been something more pure than professional athletics, more than just the money. In recent years, college athletics have changed for the worse. Players have drifted away from what it used to mean to play college sports. They have fallen into illegal activities and have left fans disappointed. One of the reasons for this change is the lack of funds for the players. There are many benefits to paying college athletes. In many cases, athletes who go to school on scholarships are treated differently than academic scholarship recipients. The N.C.A.A. should not have jurisdiction over a player’s earnings outside his sports participation. The rules need to be looked at and changed. Even if each and every one of its ruler-to-the-wrist regulations was written for a sound reason, the collective impact is that the NCAA’s treatment of the student-athlete has become unnecessarily punitive and hopelessly out-of-date (McCallum, 1996). One of the biggest complaints lately from college basketball fans is that too many athletes are leaving college early to enter the draft. Some athletes are even going directly from high school to the NBA and skipping college altogether. A record number of athletes who were still eligible to play college ball entered the National Basketball Association draft. There are also plans for two new professional leagues for teen-agers, which threaten to diminish the talent pool for college teams (Blum, 1996). This upsets college fans because they don't get to see the best guys play for their school. The nation’s top high-school player, Kobe Bryant, was one of a few high school seniors who declared themselves eligible for the draft (Blum, 1996). Fans like to get to know a team and support it but at the same time, become frustrated because of players leaving. Officials of big-time basketball programs are taking a new look at their sport, arguably the NCAA, the most popular and lucrative, because of worries that it can no longer hang on to or even attract the game's biggest stars (Blum, 1996). The biggest and most obvious reason for basketball players to skip out on college and to enter into the draft is because of the big money. Many players come from poor families and run down neighborhoods.

Celebration of Brown vs. Board Essay -- Event Race Racial

Celebration of Brown vs. Board It has been fifty years since the Brown vs. Board of Education decision and the University of Illinois has honorably commemorated this event. Our task from my Rhetoric 105 class was to go out and visit an event that commemorates the Brown vs. Board decision. The first event that attracted me was the exhibit at the Krannert Art Museum called â€Å"Social Studies: Eight Artists Address Brown v Board of Education.† The eight artists that contributed work to the exhibit were Dawoud Bey, Sanford Biggers and Jennifer Zackin, Brett Cook-Dizney, Virgil Marti, Gary Simmons, Pamela Vander Zwan, and Carrie Mae Weems. As I walked into the exhibit, I felt almost privileged in a sense. The people around me seemed to be dressed nicely, well cut, and well groomed. Basically they appeared well off, as I strolled in with my scratched and wrinkled jeans and hoody sweater. I felt almost as if at any inopportune moment they would ask me to leave and come back when I had my ‘privileged’ clothes on. Nevertheless, I looked around as I found my way to the exhibit and found absolutely no African Americans, besides myself; which made me feel shame. Not for myself, but more of a â€Å"shame on you† for other African Americans that I felt should have been there. I felt like they are taking for granted something that they did not always have and It surprises me that the only people that I saw to celebrate the passing of fifty years of the Brown v Board decision were a child day care field trip, an old couple, and a few other adults; none of whom belonged to any minority group. I felt eyes on my back through the calm vibes of the museum and because I am a minority this feeling often comes more... ...ood shape the way people eat, breath, and live. I am very glad that I came to this exhibit. It gave me a chance to see how the world is like through the artist’s eyes. The more people see things through other’s eyes, or other’s point of view, the more they can detach themselves from conclusions or restrictions that they already hold to themselves. That way people can be as they once were, with no blindfolds or masks, and accept the world as it is with everything and anything that comes in it. Then I will not have to worry about eyes on my back or any judgments made about me. It has been fifty years since it was declared that segregated schools were unequal, but has it since equal? What if there were nothing or nobody attaching or instilling beliefs to us in the world? Will it be then that everyone accepts each other fully and completely, without any more ‘bull-shit’?

Principles and Practises for International Management Essay

To achieve the new worldwide revenue objectives I will have to convince the senior management to increase the workforce in my department to share my responsibilities, as they are not one person’s cup of tea. I will have to ensure that this workforce consists of serious individuals who are capable of working towards the achievement of a single goal with common mindset. I will have to make sure that local people are hired in the country’s international units, as they would prove to be helpful in making the company adapt to the culture of the foreign countries. Along with them and the few employees in the company who were not born in this country, I will try to identify with the countries in which our company has spread its operations. This can be done by in depth analysis of the countries’ political, sociological, demographic and geographic features. I will also have to be well prepared to communicate effectively across different cultural barriers and languages. I would urge the senior management to master skills to effectively manage cultural diversity in workforce. It has been rightly pointed by Rue and Byars that â€Å"Achieving success in international business demands that a firm’s human resource practices be adapted to country norms. † (1992, p. 130) The company would also have to thoroughly study the international market and design its marketing strategy accordingly. In no way should the company disrespect the local culture in which it is operating. Instead, it should try to blend the local culture with its corporate identity and be always consistent in this. Guidelines for the company staff should be designed in such a way that there is no scope of inconsistency or confusion across borders. The employees should be trained, keeping in mind the trends set by the flourishing multinational companies. They should be encouraged to perform their best. The international business units should be given similar autonomy as the local units, both in crisis situation and at decision-making times. In the words of Leandri â€Å"†¦hold local operations accountable to the corporate office yet give them enough autonomy to make necessary decisions. † (2000, para. 9) By making the company adapt to the demands of international expansion and by developing my own communication skills and potential of working in diverse work environments, it will not be hard to gain the payoffs that international business offers.

Conservatism Is Merely A Ruling Class Ideology

Conservatism has three strands: Traditional, New Right and Post New right conservatism. It serves in the interest of the rich and powerful and it serves in the interest of every social class, including the poor. Marxists in particular would argue that conservatism is a class based ideology. They would also argue that ideologies reflect the interest of a particular class. Burke was a traditional conservative and he believed in the organic state. Traditional conservatives are motivated by the organic state they believe that the society is a living entity, rather than a mechanism. They consider society as a pyramid and command structure, which serves in the interest of the rich because society is fixed and the rich will always be at the top. Society can never have social equality because of hierarchy. They do not believe in meritocracy and individualism, they believe that society is more important than the individual, therefore they believe in collectivism. People may believe that the ideology is good but in reality it is not because people do not have rights they have duties and conservatives only recognize equality of status. Socialists believe in economic equality, this is the only equality that does not keep people down. Conservatism was reaction against Liberalism (French revolution). Burke was against the French revolution. Disraeli was also motivated by class interest. He introduced One-nation conservatism, which was about keeping social cohesion between the rich and the poor. Disraeli gave the vote to the urban working class male because if he did not the Liberals would have done so. Burke once said that he ‘the palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy' meaning that the rich are not happy when the poor are not satisfied. If the poor is not satisfied then there will not be social stability, because there will be a revolution. Burke introduced social reforms to stop a revolution. Randolph Churchill formulated ‘Tory democracy' which stated that in order to gain the support of the working-class they have to develop the empire by making them believe in it. They did not want to do too much for the poor, but rather to help them enough to keep them happy. Conservatives voted against the NHS, which was brought in by Labour, because it is a ruling class ideology. They only decided to accept the NHS because they are pragmatic and they did not believe in nationalized industries because it took power away for the poor. They believed in the mixed economy. They disliked nationalization and wanted to privatize most nationalized businesses. They introduced the minimum wage and it was popular and a vote winner. In 1979, Thatcher became Prime Minister and she also served the interest of the rich. She privatized industries such as British telecom, British railways. Liberal New right believed in and rolling back the state, hence the belief in laissez-faire economics. They believed in the non-interventionist state, that the state will not intervene in the economy to help the poor. For example: the Battle of Orgreaves, the miner's strike; the government refused to subsidize what they called the uneconomic picks. Thatcher setup grant maintained schools which got more money. Schools were a two tier system and the ‘better-off' benefited from this. This basically suggests that Thatcher reeks of the rich. Society was more differential because people had more respect. Disraeli introduced one-nation conservatism, and he was genuinely concerned about the poor, evidenced in his quote, ‘there is a gap between the rich and the poor' and his Crystal Palace speech. Disraeli detested capitalism because it creates inequality and exploits workers. He did what he had to do to stop a revolution, the invention of One-nation. Burke believed in the organic state and this was not just about the rich and the poor, as a traditional conservative he believed that everyone should be valued equally. The whole of the ideology was paternalistic meaning that conservatism like a father cares for the people, not just in the interest of the rich. This is confirmed in the quote, â€Å"Society is a partnership between†¦ † it suggests that we are all valuable. All traditional conservatives believe in social reforms because of the rule of One-nation. In Harold Macmillan's ‘Middle Way' (1938), he advocates the mixed economy. After the WWII, they realized that there was a new way to help the poor by accepting the welfare state, they also accepted Keynesianism by reflate the economy. Conservatives were very Keynes on grammar school, after all Thatcher went to a Grammar school. As Liberal New right Thatcher believed I meritocracy, individualism and embourgeoisement. Individualism means you can make it and meritocracy means that you can make it on merit. For example, selling councils houses; buying it means that it is now our property, owned democracy. People could buy shares, share owning democracy, not just the rich and the powerful, but also the poor. Post-New right, neo-liberal leaders: Hague, Smith, Major, Howard and Cameron, all have business interest. Cameron has adopted and fused neo-liberalism with elements of One-nation. Cameron believes in social responsibility. This means that society has to work together to look after and care for each other, however if we care for each other the government will not help us. For example: Jamie Oliver; it was not the government that improved school dinners. Social responsibility is a way of saying ‘rolling back the state', Cameron uses One-nation rhetoric, though he still wants a smaller state, he does not want to regulate the state. He wants to take politicians out of the NHS. He fused neo-liberal elements and one-nation because he cares about the economy, example targeting families who have to pay child-minders; instead they pay money to family relatives to look after your children. This is One-nation because keeps social cohesion. In 1979, the working-class voted Thatcher in because in 1983, the Conservatives promised that people could buy council houses and Labour said they would nationalize the banks. Thatcher would win because she had taken on the Falklands war and found victory.